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Underwater Quantum/PAR Sensors
Photosynthetic radiation is essential for the growth of the photosynthetic organisms such as corals. The wavelength range from 400 to 700 nm is PAR (Photosynthetically Active Radiation) or PPFD (Photosynthetic Photon Flux Density). Apogee quantum/PAR sensors are calibrated to measure the number of photons of light across this range.
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Spherical Underwater Quantum Sensor
LI-193
The LI-193 Spherical Quantum Sensor measures PAR in air or underwater from all directions at depths up to 350 meters. This sensor is useful for studies of phytoplankton, which uses radiation from all directions. The measurement is referred to as Photosynthetic Photon Flux Fluence Rate (PPFFR) or Quantum Scalar Irradiance.
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Underwater Quantum Sensor
LI-192
The LI-192 Underwater Quantum Sensor measures PAR from all angles in one hemisphere. The LI-192 works in air or underwater at depths up to 560 meters. The measurements are cosine corrected and typically expressed as Photosynthetic Photon Flux Density (PPFD). For simultaneous measurements of downwelling and upwelling PAR, two sensors can be mounted on the 2009S Lowering Frame.
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Line Quantum Sensor
LI-191R
The LI-191R Line Quantum Sensor measures PAR integrated over its 1-meter length. It is used to measure sunlight under a plant canopy, where the light field is non-uniform. The LI-191R makes it easy to measure under-canopy light in many plots quickly and consistently. It measures light in units of Photosynthetic Photon Flux Density (PPFD), which is expressed as μmol s-1 m-2.
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Spectral Response SystemsQuantum Efficiency SystemsIPCE Measurement Systems
QE system provides electronics and software designed for fully automated measurement of external quantum efficiency of solar cells. All systems include probes and a fixed plate sample stage for samples up to 150 mm x 150 mm. The main system components include: custom designed software, measurement electronics, and computer system (Windows 8 operating system). The measurement involves focusing monochromatic light to a spot on the device under test, then accurately measuring the photon flux and current from the test cell. The system utilizes a dual beam configuration with lock-in detection, providing an absolute accuracy of ±3%. The QE system uses a grating monochrometer with silicon/InGaAs/Ge detectors. The system includes automatic order sorting filters and two light sources for monochromatic illumination (a Xenon- arc lamp and a halogen lamp). A single lock-in amplifier is used to measure both the reference detector and test device. The main system comes with all the hardware needed to measure quantum efficiency, a fixed plate sample stage and probes.
