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Solar Cell Efficiency
measurement of photon to electron conversion ratio.
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Photovoltaic Array Simulator, 15 kW, 1500 VDC
N8900APV Series
The PV simulators are autoranging, programmable DC power sources that simulate the output characteristics of a photovoltaic array under different environmental conditions (temperature, irradiance, age, cell technology, etc.) enabling you to quickly and comprehensively test inverter MPPT algorithms and inverter efficiency. The DG8900 SAS control software creates and downloads solar I-V curves to a single output solution. For multiple outputs choose the DG9000 SAS control software which can be used with up to 12 N8900APV sources.
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Post-Diffusion Process Control
Suns-Voc MX
Perfect for paste-firing optimization and process control. Open-circuit method indicates the upper bound of efficiency for any solar cell precursors
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Solar Simulator for Multijunction Solar Cells
For series connected multijunction cells, at a given spectrum (e.g. AM 1.5 or AM 0 for space solar cells), one of the cells will limit the current in the series connection of cells. All solar simulators deviate from the true AM 1.5 spectrum, and they are only classified in wide spectral bands (100nm width). So even for class A or A+ solar simulators, it can easily happen that the bandgaps of the multijunction cells are such distributed that the 'wrong' cell will limit the current, if a solar simulator with fixed spectrum is used. In the 70s and 80s, when these measurements were first developed, intercomparisons showed deviations of cell efficiency in fixed spectrum solar simulators of more than 40%.
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Large-size Hybrid Reverberation / Anechoic Chamber
F-Series
The F large-size hybrid Reverberation/Anechoic Chamber represents the most versatile OTA test system in the market today. With the same unique test features of their E Series RC counterparts, the F-Series can also test large form-factor devices under test (DUTs) like laptops, large TV sets, solar and trash compactors, drones, fridges or washing and vending machines, among others. With up to 16x16, 8DLCC and DUTs up to 2m and 500 kg including full-body phantoms in a turntable, the F Series also expands the frequency range down to cover 200 MHz up to 40 GHz frequency ranges and the test modes to include EMC, BS, small cell, eNodeB and Virtual Drive Testing over the air (VDT-OTA). In an again unheard-of feature, the F-Series is also reverse-convertible into an Anechoic chamber, allowing Far Field (FF) and Spherical Near Field (SNF) radiation patterns, efficiency and gain measurements and pre-5G testing of antennas and devices. Conversion from RC to AC or vice versa can be performed within half a day.
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Spectral Sensitivity Measurement
It is a device which measures the spectral sensitivity characteristics and quantum efficiency of various solar cells by irradiating solar cells with monochromatic light of constant energy and constant photon without wavelength dependence. We are constantly monitoring irradiation light quantity with our real real time light quantity monitor control system and are not influenced by fluctuation of light source, so it is a well-established control system with excellent measurement stability and measurement reproducibility.
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Power Meters and Calibration Cells
The Solar Reference Cell consist of a 20 x 20 mm monocrystalline silicon Photovoltaic Cell encased in a 92 x 70 x 16 mm metal enclosure with a protective quartz window and a temperature sensor. The temperature sensor is a 100 ohm platinum Resistance Temperature Detector (RTD).The Solar Reference Cells come with a Certificate of Calibration and compatible set of connecting cables. The following parameters of the reference cell are certified: Isc, Imax, Voc, Vmax, Pmax, Area, Fill Factor and Efficiency. The certification is accredited by NIST to the ISO-17025 standard and is traceable both to the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL), and to the International System of Units (SI). A compatible cable set is also supplied with each Solar Reference Cell.
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Datapaq Solar Tracker System
The SolarPaq® Thermal Profiling Systems from Fluke Process Instruments are designed specifically for solar photovoltaic (PV) manufacturing including applications like contact firing, contact drying, anti-reflection coating for the solar cell, lamination and other thin film processes. These systems, consisting of user-friendly Insight™ software, Datapaq® Q18 data loggers, stainless steel thermal barriers, thermocouples with PTFE or mineral insulation and accessories, provide users with the tools needed to gather accurate, repeatable results for process optimization, maximize cell efficiency and throughput, and more.
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Testing for Si Solar Cells Using High Performance CCD
EL Imaging Tester
EL Testing for Si Solar Cells using High Performance CCD. The determination of luminescence (photo emissions) in solar cells is an important characterization tool. Typical solar cells often have defects which limit the efficiency or lifetime of a cell. Many of these defects are visualized with Luminescence Imaging. By using this technique, the manufacturing process can be optimized to produce better cells. Luminescence Imaging takes advantage of the radiative inter-band recombination of excited charge carriers in solar cells. The emitted photons can be captured with a sensitive CCD camera to obtain an image of the distribution of the radiative recombination in the cell. This distribution is determined by the local excitation level, allowing the detection of electrical losses, thus mapping the diffusion length of minority carriers as the emitted light is low intensity and in the near infra-red range, the CCD camera has a high sensitivity wavelength from 900 to 1100 nm with little thermal noise. This CCD camera provides excellent resolution of 1024 x 1024 pixels with a large 1μm pixel size, multi-megahertz readout speed, and robust USB 2.0 connectivity. The EL CCD Camera is the ultimate high-performance CCD camera for electroluminescence and photoluminescence imaging for Photovoltaic (PV) Cells and Modules. This camera combines low noise electronics and optimal sensitivity in NIR.
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Integrated I-V Test Systems
The OAI Integrated I-V Test System is perfect for R&D as well as production, the OAI Integrated I-V Test System delivers extremely accurate solar cell performance measurement. OAI’s advanced fully Integrated I-V Test System is designed to overcome the limitations of flash testing by providing a highly optimized pulse width and voltage sweep rate to match any type of solar cell’s high capacitance and slow dielectric response speed. As a result, the system produces extremely accurate measurements of solar cell I-V parameters and efficiency while leading to the most accurate test results.
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Single Long Pulse Solar Simulator & I-V Test System
TriSOL SLPSS
The OAI Test System for HIGH EFFICIENCY SOLAR CELLS overcomes the limitations of flash testing by providing a highly optimized pulse width and voltage sweep rate to match the cell’s dielectric response speed. As a result, the system produces extremely accurate measurements of solar cell efficiency leading to increased profitability.
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Software
Current-Voltage Measurement Option
Materials Development Corporation
CSM/Win Systems with an I-V option can measure both MOS and diode structures. For junctions, both forwardand reverse bias curves can be analyzed. Junction ideality factor, series resistance, and reverse saturation current are found. Solar cells can be checked for efficiency. Gate Oxide Integrity of MOS devices can be measured as well.
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Solar Cell Testers
Solar Cell Testers are integrated systems incorporating Solar Simulator and I-V Measurement systems. PET offers Standard and Advance IV Measurement software. PET Cell Testers are capable of measuring a diverse range of solar cell parameters such as Isc,Voc, Imax,Vmax, Pmax, FF, Rsh, Rs and η cell conversion efficiency, complete light and dark I-V curves. All that needs to be done to test a cell is to load the cell, make electrical probes contact and press “Measure” icon on the I-V Measurement System software. The software will automatically open the Solar Simulator shutter, perform the test and close the shutter after the test is complete. The design is modular in nature and can be easily upgraded. Some options can added at a later time.
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Software
Solar Cells/ Photovoltaic Devices
Materials Development Corporation
MDC offers a comprehensive array of current-voltage, capacitance-voltage, and resistivity measurements to characterize solar cells and PV devices. CSM/Win systems and software can help to fine tune your process for maximum efficiency. Critical values such as series and shunt resistances, maximum power point (both actual and theoretical), and fill factor are automatically determined.
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Spectral Response SystemsQuantum Efficiency SystemsIPCE Measurement Systems
QE system provides electronics and software designed for fully automated measurement of external quantum efficiency of solar cells. All systems include probes and a fixed plate sample stage for samples up to 150 mm x 150 mm. The main system components include: custom designed software, measurement electronics, and computer system (Windows 8 operating system). The measurement involves focusing monochromatic light to a spot on the device under test, then accurately measuring the photon flux and current from the test cell. The system utilizes a dual beam configuration with lock-in detection, providing an absolute accuracy of ±3%. The QE system uses a grating monochrometer with silicon/InGaAs/Ge detectors. The system includes automatic order sorting filters and two light sources for monochromatic illumination (a Xenon- arc lamp and a halogen lamp). A single lock-in amplifier is used to measure both the reference detector and test device. The main system comes with all the hardware needed to measure quantum efficiency, a fixed plate sample stage and probes.
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Solar Cell Systems
he Solar Cell Scan is a multifunctionalexperimental platform,which is based on the measurement of Quantum Efficiency (QE) . The system employs a turnkey integrated design, which can carry out QE, Reflectivity and Mapping testing functions automatically. There are also modular and customdesigned accessories to adapt to different solar cell samples.
